Ro Sommernes Advokatfirma AS's employment practice was recently strengthened by the hire of Thomas Talén, formerly at Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig in July 2025.
Employment in Norway
Ro Sommernes Advokatfirma AS
Responsables de la pratique:
Thomas Talén
Arntzen Grette
Arntzen Grette‘s provides comprehensive employment services, with activity spanning from collective bargaining to investigations and restructurings to whistleblowing. The merger combines the firm’s expertise in employment with Grette’s presence in the construction and energy industry. Sven Bjørk oversees the practice and is a name of note for clients in the financial industry. Håvard Sandnes is knowledgeable on corporate governance and organisational strategy, whereas Knut-Marius Sture is a go-to contact for collective labour law and union negotiations. The practice also includes Frode Martin Toftevåg, an experienced litigator in employment matters, and Ingeborg Moen Borgerud, who acts for public institutions and private employers.
Responsables de la pratique:
Sven Bjørk
Autres avocats clés:
Håvard Sandnes; Knut-Marius Sture; Frode Martin Toftevåg; Ingeborg Moen Borgerud; Even Næstvold; Hege Grønberg Abrahamsen; Stine Fridén Huseby
Les références
‘The practice is unique due to the knowledge, speed, and strength. The most important thing for us as customers is speed. When we send a request for help, and know that we will get a response quickly. It is for sure a strong team around the partner, and the delivery is spotless. We are grateful to be treated the way we do.’
‘The direct contact for us is the partner of the team. That is probably also one aspect that drives our projects and questions forward in a quick succession. Hege Grønberg Abrahamsen, as our main contact person, is doing a very good job in supporting us with our questions. We are grateful to work with such a competent person.’
‘Good reputation and many specialists in various fields.’
Principaux clients
Equinor ASA
DNB Bank ASA
Clarksons Securities AS
Fearnley Securities AS
Sparebanken Øst
ABG Sundal Collier
Optimera
Meta Platforms Inc
Apax Partners LLP
Castik Capital S.à r.l
Sparebanken Norge
Eviny AS
Widerøe Flyveselskap AS
Viaplay Group
ZEM AS
Warner Bros. Discovery
Viaplay Group
TGS ASA
The Norwegian Parliament
Helse Midt-Norge RHF
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS
Saint-Gobain Group
Eltera Group
Ocab AS
Olav Thon Group
Nettpartner AS
ArcticZymes Technologies ASA
CBRE AS
NGI
Infranord Norge AS
Moelven Group
Servi Group AS
Northern Data Group
Momek Group
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Würth Group
Bravida Norge AS
Klinger Westad AS
NRC Norge AS
Rørentreprenørene
Techem Norge AS
Sisterne Drift DA
Aase Group
Solid Entreprenør AS
7 Steel Group
Sika Norge AS
BMI Norge AS
Gas 2 Feed AS
OPV Consulting AS
Asker Municipality
Inin Group
Fenix Outdoor AB
Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation
Norsk Luftambulanse
Kebony Global
TINE SA
Multiconsult Norge AS
Link Arkitektur AS
Norconsult Norge AS
WHSmith PLC
Principaux dossiers
- Represented Equinor ASA on a highly publicised employment law dispute brought by its former General Counsel, concerning an alleged invalid termination and whistleblowing. The case attracted considerable public and media attention, with repeated coverage in the Norwegian media.
- Acted as Norwegian legal counsel to APAX Partners LLP in its SEK 6.63 billion recommended offer for Norva24 Group AB (publ). Advised on a broad range of employment legal issues, covering due diligence, transaction documentation, employee consultation requirements and post-closing advice on integration and restructuring.
- Acted as legal defence for St. Olav Hospital HF in a lawsuit filed by a medical secretary following her dismissal for unauthorised access to her own, her children’s, a colleague’s, and four other patients’ medical records.
BAHR
BAHR‘s employment practice is a reference in the market for the reclassification of personnel from independent to employees, having acted on a Supreme Court case in 2024. The practice benefits from the strength of the firm’s corporate practice, enabling the employment team to act on M&A-related employment work, including employee management incentives. Practice co-head Tarjei Thorkildsen is turned to by trade and employers’ bodies, whereas Tor Olav Carlsen provides advice to international blue-chip companies on both domestic and cross-border employment and pensions issues. Margrethe Meder has extensive experience in advising on hiring, working time, and redundancies. Hannah Osberg Andresen acts on general employment law advice, court cases, and the treatment of employees during corporate transactions.
Responsables de la pratique:
Tarjei Thorkildsen; Tor Olav Carlsen
Autres avocats clés:
Margrethe Meder; Hannah Osberg Andresen
Les références
‘What sets this team apart is their ability to combine deep legal expertise with empathy and sound judgment. We sought their support during a sensitive HR matter, and their approach was both reassuring and highly effective. They understood the nuances of the situation immediately and guided us through it with clarity, discretion, and care.’
‘What stood out most in working with Margrethe Meder was her calm, thoughtful, and highly supportive approach. From the outset, she demonstrated a clear understanding of the complexity of the situation — not just from a legal perspective, but also in terms of the people and emotions involved. That ability to balance legal precision with empathy is rare and incredibly valuable, particularly in sensitive employment matters.’
‘BAHR’s employment team combines strong legal expertise with very practical advice. They understand the business context and give solutions that work in practice. We particularly value their ability to handle both complex strategic issues and day-to-day employment questions with the same level of care.’
Principaux clients
Aker BP
Aker Group
CHC Helikopterservice
Equinor
Ikea
Mantena
Norwegian Airline
Offshore Norge
Reitan
Subsea 7
Sval Energi
The Employer’s Association Spekter
Vinmonopolet
Vision Healthcare Nordics
Widerøe Airline
Principaux dossiers
- Providing litigation services and legal advice for 15+ years to Spekter, one of Norway’s leading employers’ confederations. Latest this year for Sykehuset Østfold HF (hospital for the county of Østfold, as employer) regarding social benefits and court cases regarding important interpretation of collective bargaining agreements.
- Representing several Aker Group companies and directors in a complex series of legal disputes relating to reimbursement claims and repayment of bonus in relation to a former CEO of a group company and a consultant.
- Working with leading airline Norwegian since 2012, including in relation to changes to its corporate business model and restructuring exercises.
Advokatfirmaet Haavind AS
Advokatfirmaet Haavind AS‘s comprehensive labour and employment offering focuses on the employer side of the market, including litigation, dispute resolution, data protection, and pension matters. Spearheading the team, Gaute Krokann has over twenty-five experience in employment law, having previously acted as a lawyer, deputy judge, and head of legal proceedings at an employer organisation. Lars Kokkvold is a leading name for both domestic and international large and medium-sized businesses on cross-border related employment issues. With a similar client base, Pål Kvernaas acts on their dispute resolution and litigation mandates. Sten Foyn is an established advisor on investigations relating to employment law and work environment, and Kari Sigurdsen has acted before Norwegian courts on employment cases, including on matters of resignation and temporary employment.
Responsables de la pratique:
Gaute Krokann
Autres avocats clés:
Lars Kokkvold; Pål Kvernaas; Sten Foyn; Kari Sigurdsen; Therese Ljosdal
Les références
‘Highly competent and professional team. Their ability to produce high quality deliveries within short deadlines are outmatching competitors. They also have a unique combination of professional and personalities – making cooperation feel like a partnership more than a transaction or delivery.’
‘I have worked with Gaute Krokann for a decade now. His competency and level of professionalism are personal attributes I highly appreciate.’
‘Haavind’s employment law team combines deep legal expertise with a pragmatic, business-focused approach. The practice is particularly strong in organisational changes, restructurings, downsizings, trade union negotiations, and adjustments to pension and compensation schemes.’
Principaux clients
Norgesgruppen
The Norwegian Armed Forces
The Norwegian Police
The National Police Directorate
NRC Group ASA
Handelsbanken
Telenor Group
Equinor
Hurtigruten Group
Lyreco Norge AS
Posten Norge
ISS Facility Service
Helse Sør-Øst
DN Media Group
The Norwegian Consumer Council
Norstat AS
Warner Music Norway
Atea
Nofima AS
Alfa Scandinavia AB
Hafslund
Aider
Principaux dossiers
- Assisted Adecco and Manpower in filing a complaint to Efta Surveillance Authority (ESA) challenging the restrictive new hiring regulations in the Norwegian Working Environment Act. Following Haavind’s complaint, ESA has opened a case towards Norway for possible breach on the EEA agreement.
- Assisted Hurtigruten in a major reorganisation from 2020-2025 involving significant restructuring measures, dividing the group into Norwegian/coastal and Expedition/Cruise sections, personnel transfers, sales outsourcing, TUPE concerns, and rightsizing.
- Advised Aider on all employment and labour law aspects of the transaction with Castik Capital.
Advokatfirmaet Hjort
Home to an experienced team, Advokatfirmaet Hjort’s employment department is regularly turned to by a wide roster of clients spanning from the energy and education sectors. The group is actively involved in downsizing and reorganisation mandates, and it is also well-regarded for its work on investigations and whistleblowing cases. Department lead Jens Kristian Johansen is a leading name on pension law, while Anne Marie Due has established experience in litigation at the Supreme Court level. Experienced litigator Alex Borch has worked in various court levels, including the District and Appeal Courts, and Claude A. Lenth chiefly focuses on non-compete restrictions, pensions, and personal data law. Stine Bjørnstad focuses on investigating and evaluating potential violations of the Working Environment Act.
Responsables de la pratique:
Jens Kristian Johansen
Autres avocats clés:
Anne Marie Due; Alex Borch; Claude A. Lenth; Stine Bjørnstad; Christopher Hansteen
Les références
‘The law firm Hjort is exceptionally professional and delivers high-quality legal work. Their expertise in both individual and collective labour law is of a very high standard. The firm is approachable, solution-oriented, and provides very prompt service.’
‘The advice and assistance we receive from Claude A. Lenth and his team are always excellent. He is solution-oriented, and I consistently experience a swift response and pleasant dialogue.’
‘What makes Hjort unique is their combination of deep subject-matter expertise, professional credibility, and strategic presence.’
Principaux clients
Tietoevry Norway AS
Ringnes AS
Industri Energi
The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training
Den Norske Kirke
Dovista A/S
Hallgruppen AS
Protector Forsikring ASA
Hovedorganisasjonen KA
PRA Group Europe
Avinor Flysikring
Alfa Laval Nordic AS
Palo Alto Networks
Novo Nordisk Norway AS
Rana Gruber ASA
Zenitel Norway AS
Odfjell Technology AS
Odfjell Drilling AS
Force Technology AS
Brunstad Stiftelsen
Avinor
Norske Skog
Norsk Sykepleierforbund
Bibliotekarforbundet
Entur
The Norwegian Confederation of Business and Industry
Statkraft SF
Coor Service Management
Nationaltheatret AS
Knowit AS and subsidiaries
House of Control
Implenia Norge
Finansforbundet
Blå Kors Norge
Sjøfartsdirektoratet
Fürst Medisinsk Laboratorium
Conscia Norge AS
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Hallgruppen AS, a leading Nordic construction group, as ongoing primary legal advisor on all employment law matters, including cross-border disputes, workforce policy implementation, and strategic HR guidance across multiple jurisdictions.
- Advised Tietoevry Tech Services AS on the division and subsequent downsizing of over 500 employees across Europe, providing comprehensive legal support for board resolutions, union consultations, and cross-border workforce transitions.
- Represented Utdanningsforbundet (Union of Education Norway) in a landmark international labor law case before the ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association, successfully challenging the Norwegian government’s intervention in the 2022 teachers’ strike and reinforcing the right to strike as a fundamental human right.
Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig
Regarded for its cross-border capabilities, the full-service employment practice at Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig provides guidance to multinational clients on Norwegian employment legislation and regulatory work. Lill Egeland spearheads the practice and is the key contact for a broad roster of international clients on litigation, as well as on regulations and compliance for cross-border operations. Nicolay Skarning acts for domestic and international clients on collective bargaining, whistleblowing, and dismissals. Other key practitioners in the team are Trine Lise Fromreide, a seasoned advisor on a varied stream of work, including reorganisations, downsizing, and whistleblowing, and Catriona McIntyre, who advises clients in the aviation, infrastructure, and arts sectors. Thomas Talén departed from the team in July 2025.
Responsables de la pratique:
Lill Egeland
Autres avocats clés:
Nicolay Skarning; Trine Lise Fromreide; Catriona McIntyre
Les références
‘This team is exceptional! They immediately find the right expertise for the right problem. At the same time, they have an exceptional ability to create connections. They have outstanding people skills, both to clients and counterparties.’
‘Trine Lise Fromreide is a star! She has a great impact on the team’s deliveries. As a lawyer, she gives her all. In particular, she is very strong at finding legal solutions to demanding conflict situations and resolving conflicts.’
‘I work with Lill Egeland, she is always very positive, responsive, creative, and straight on the case and can understand our business.’
Principaux clients
All Things Live
Avincis Aviation Norway AS
Bristow Helicopters
British American Tobacco
Clean Ocean Technology AS
Den Nationale Scene
Den Norske Opera & Ballett AS
Directorate of Fisheries
ECIT Services AS
Global Maritime AS
Gram Car Carriers ASA
Grieg Seafood ASA
Håndverksgruppen AS
IKEA AS
Klarna
Mars Norge AS
Nammo AS
Omnicom Media Group Norway AS
PEAB Asfalt Norge AS
Peak CSL Group
Ren AS
Royal Canin Norge AS
Saferoad
San Marco Group
SINTEF Nord AS
SMB Norge
Solidenergy AS
Sporveien
Valvoline Oil AS
Veolia Group
Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Principaux dossiers
- Advising Bristow on a wide range of employment law issues, including union disputes, termination cases, compliance with the transparency pay directive, and overtime regulations.
- Represented SME Norway (the business- and employers’ organization for small and medium sized companies) in the EFTA Court in Luxembourg and in the Oslo District Court in a matter concerning the Norwegian Government’s restrictions on temporary work in Norway and alignment with the EEA Agreement.
- Assisting Grieg Seafood ASA in relation to a downsizing process arising from the introduction of a resource rent tax on aquaculture, which required farmers to pay a 25% tax on profits from sea-based operations in addition to regular corporate tax.
Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS
Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS has a comprehensive employment offering, allowing the team to advise on employment litigation, advisory services, investigations, whistleblowing, and complex reorganisations. With an office in Stavanger, the firm is equipped to support clients in the oil and energy sectors. Practice head Tron Dalheim is knowledgeable of the oil, energy, and aviation sectors, among others, enabling him to act in complex employment litigation. Stein Kimsås-Otterbech has extensive experience in cases involving changes in senior management. Anders Sundsdal chiefly focuses on redundancy processes, litigation, and transactions, combined with an aptitude in authority investigations and HSE matters. Håkon Berge regularly acts on cases regarding restructuring, workforce reductions, and cross-border employment.
Responsables de la pratique:
Tron Dalheim
Autres avocats clés:
Stein Kimsås-Otterbech; Anders Sundsdal; Håkon Berge; Alexandra Refsnes; Jostein Opdahl-Jenssen
Les références
‘I am very pleased with the team and their execution. The practice stands out for its combination of strong legal expertise, commercial understanding, and pragmatic advice. They are highly responsive, efficient, and solution-oriented, always focused on achieving the best outcome for the client.’
‘Partner Anders Sundal stands out for his speed, efficiency, and accessibility. He is available, provides clear and pragmatic solutions, and has helped our company save considerable time and resources. His combination of commercial understanding and practical problem-solving makes him a trusted advisor.’
‘I would like to highlight the outstanding performance of Håkon Berge. He has been an invaluable support and trusted legal advisor to us, earning a high level of respect across our organisation. Having worked with Håkon now for several years, he has delivered high-quality services to us continuously.’
Principaux clients
Total Energies EP Norge AS
Scandinavian Airlines System
Bane NOR SF
Petoro
Wintershall DEA Norge AS
Gard AS
Microsoft Norge AS
B2Holding ASA
Kahoot!
Kongsberg Gruppen ASA
NorgesGruppen ASA
Bama Gruppen AS
Yara International ASA
Roche Norge AS
University of Bergen
Vestland county authorities
FH Gruppen AS
Höegh Autoliners Management AS
CGG Services
CapMan Infra
CBRE Caledon
DOF Subsea
Etac AB
Etac AS
Frydenbø AS
Framo AS
Oceaneering AS
Tidal
Autostore AS
NIKE
Boliden
Nestlé
Kahoot!
Klarna AB
MDE Group AS
MDE Personnel AS
Agilent Technologies
Boost Ai
Zalando SE
NVIDIA
Dignita Systems Norge AS
Phillip Morris Norge AS
TUI
Melberg Partners AS
Parexel
Intertanko
CTEK Norway AS
Seaway 7
Scatec
Union Residental Holding
Hunter Group ASA
Danske Bank – Solo
Bruun Hjejle
MOWI
Fakta AS
Borger
BP
Currys
Nordic Semiconductor
Photocure
00Nation
Brevik Engineering AS
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Field Group AS
TheOFE.com – Ocean Freight Exchange
HCL Technologies
Principaux dossiers
- Represented Wolt in a reclassification dispute concerning claims for employment status made by contractors providing delivery services. The case was heard by the City Court and is currently under appeal before the Court of Appeal.
- Advised Petoro AS in connection with the Norwegian state’s takeover of the gas infrastructure on the Norwegian continental shelf. The transaction, valued at NOK 18.1 billion, involved multiple counterparties.
- Represented Institut für Politikevaluation (IPE) on a lawsuit where a former consultant claimed employment and other benefits, which also concerned questions on governing law and legal venue. The client won the case in the District Court, the Appeal Court and in the Supreme Court.
CMS Kluge
CMS Kluge maintains a strong position in the market for both private and public domestic clients, and the practice recently acted on a major restructuring process. Practice head Anders Stenbrenden is recognised for his work on whistleblower cases, while Marco Lilli covers the transfer of employees, transfers of undertakings, and workforce reductions. Nils Kristian Lie is capable in labour law negotiations and disputes. Kari Eline Bjørndal Kloster acts on international issues within employment law, whereas Ida Grøstad frequently represents clients in employment disputes.
Responsables de la pratique:
Anders Stenbrenden
Autres avocats clés:
Marco Lilli; Nils Kristian Lie; Kari Eline Bjørndal Kloster; Ida Grøstad; Nina Sandnes
Les références
‘Ida Grøstad has been a valuable advisor and sparring partner in several cases. She has a unique combination of being down-to-earth and friendly. She is very customer-oriented, available, and truly understands our business and issues at hand.’
The CMS Kluge employment law team is an extension of our in-house legal team, having spent hours working with us to understand our business. This investment of time makes them so much better able to advise our company on complex Norwegian law employment matters. We value their expertise and their practical approach to issue resolution.’
‘Nina Sandnes has a unique ability to respond quickly and precisely to complex employment law matters. She follows up with us, is always friendly and approachable, and provides assistance at short notice. She is a key resource for us; we have always been very satisfied with her contributions and will continue to rely on her assistance in the future.’
Principaux clients
Veidekke
The Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning
Ineos Inovyn
Grieg Group
De Historiske
The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration
Norwegian Church City Mission
Norwegian Refugee Counsil
Bane NOR
Kolumbus
Principaux dossiers
Advokatfirmaet Føyen AS
Advokatfirmaet Føyen AS remains active for an employer-side client roster, regularly acting in the technology, culture, and heritage sectors. Practice head Preben Haugmoen Mo assists with the comprehensive restructuring and downsizing process, ARD cases, and individual employment cases. Marianne Klausen handles labour law issues, such as reorganisations, workforce reductions, and individual job protection cases, and Ole André Oftebro acts across the full employment arena, providing guidance on whistleblowing and organisational changes. Christine Frølich Jacobs is an expert in collective labour law.
Responsables de la pratique:
Preben Haugmoen Mo
Autres avocats clés:
Marianne Klausen; Ole André Oftebro; Christine Frølich Jacobs
Les références
‘The team at Føyen has proven to be highly competent, responsive, and a genuinely pleasant group to work with. They strike an excellent balance between respect for the individual and organisational needs, always in a professional and solution-oriented manner.’
‘The team stands out for its exceptional legal expertise combined with a strong commercial mindset. Clients benefit from advice that is not only technically precise but also pragmatic and tailored to their business needs. What differentiates this practice from other firms is the collaborative culture – clients consistently experience seamless access to the firm’s full range of expertise rather than siloed advice.’
‘After 30 years as a senior executive, Ole André Oftebro is the best employment law solicitor I have ever worked with. He is exceptionally knowledgeable and provides sound professional advice. Moreover, he takes our culture and uniqueness into account, tailoring his recommendations to fit our context.’
Principaux clients
The National Museum
The Norwegian National Opera & Ballet
Sitecom AS
Nova Consulting Group
Kernel Group
Tietoevry Norway AS
Electrolux Group
Hesselberg Group
Bouvet ASA
Inspirit365 AS
HAVA Group AS
Hørselshemmedes Landsforbund
Endúr ASA
Municipalities of Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg, and Hvaler
NRVA
Hellik Teigen
NIBIO
Cramo AS
RSM Norway
Norge
Securitas AS
Abacus-IT AS
Isovator AS
Municipality of Hamar
The Norwegian Environment Agency
The Meteorological Institute
The Directorate of Cultural Heritage
One Park AS
Grid Branding AS
Norsk Kommunalteknisk Forening
Avo Consulting AS
Ellingard Group AS
Principaux dossiers
- Advising The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo, including handling a major reorganisation and complex terminations, as well as providing assistance with employment status, hiring, whistleblowing, and other key matters.
- Advising Accenture AS, on a major reorganisation exercise following the merger of Avanade AS and Accenture AS, as well as assisting with changes to salaries and benefits, leading negotiations and drafting termination agreements.
- Assisting The Norwegian Environment Agency with all employment matters, including handling complex whistleblowing issues and terminations, as well as day-to-day advice on fixed-term contracts, hiring and service contracts.
Advokatfirmaet Schjødt AS
Advokatfirmaet Schjødt AS is a capable advisor on the full spectrum of employment matters, spanning from reorganisations to whistleblowing reports. Martin Jetlund oversees the group and is a key advisor on litigation and employment disputes, restrictive covenants, and reorganisations. Magnus Lütken focuses on restructuring, workforce reductions, and transactions. Iselin Nybø draws from a background as a member of parliament and as a minister, enabling her to act on workforce reductions and the termination of employees. Marie Hagberg specialises in TUPE transfers and pension schemes, and Sara Kristine Råum acts on dispute resolution.
Responsables de la pratique:
Martin Jetlund
Autres avocats clés:
Magnus Lütken; Iselin Nybø; Marie Berggren Hagberg; Sara Kristine Råum; Kristina Bjørkedal Vågnes
Les références
‘What makes this practice unique is the combination of deep expertise and a very practical, client-focused approach. From my experience, the team doesn’t just provide technically sound legal advice—they make sure it’s tailored to our business needs and commercially workable.’
‘The team stands out for their mix of expertise, responsiveness, and genuine commitment to client service. Martin Jetlund always provide clear, strategic guidance, bringing exceptional attention to detail. They always deliver practical, commercial advice that consistently sets Schjødt apart from competitors.’
‘The team is very strong and has a strong legal expertise, with the ability to see practical solutions in different businesses and also give good general recommendations in problem-solving. Prompt response. Strong expertise in the employment law field.’
Principaux clients
Halliburton
Aker
Transocean Offshore Ltd
Cermaq
Wilhelmsen
Altera Infrastructure
Huawei Technologies
Airbus
HitecVision
ExxonMobil
Esso Norge
Tryg A/S
Halliburton
Aker
Transocean Offshore Ltd
Cermaq
Wilhelmsen
Altera Infrastructure
Huawei Technologies
Airbus
HitecVision
ExxonMobil
Esso Norge
Tryg A/S
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Altera Infrastructure LP on the sale of its shuttle tanker business, to Maistros Shiptrade Limited, involving a complex carve-out exercise from a matrix organisation structure.
- Tryg A/S with an outsourcing to Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), resulting in workforce reduction/reorganisation within the Norwegian organisation.
- Represented Esso Norge AS in a principal pension case before the courts, where a pensioner claimed compensation for lack of regulation of his pension contribution.
Selmer
Regarded for its ‘practical, business-oriented advice and strong litigation capabilities’, Selmer leads on employment, investigations, and pension law mandates. Practice head André Istad Johansen is a trusted advisor to offshore companies and financial institutions on their pension matters. Co-head Hans Jørgen Bender is a name to note for whistleblowing, management incentives, and non-compete and non-solicit issues. Ragnhild Nakling is knowledgeable of cross-border restructuring and the redundancy processes, while Siri Falch-Olsen has been active in business transfer, redundancy, and restructuring processes. Eldrid Huseby Gammelsrud handles whistleblowing cases.
Responsables de la pratique:
André Istad Johansen; Hans Jørgen Bender
Autres avocats clés:
Ragnhild Nakling; Siri Falch-Olsen; Eldrid Huseby Gammelsrud
Les références
‘Hans Jørgen Bender is a stand-out street smart, efficient, competent and likable guy, always providing hands-on and relevant advice, even in the most complicated matters. He never makes more out of a case than what is needed, and I know I can always trust his support. ’
‘I truly appreciated working with the team because they demonstrated a high level of professionalism and competence. They were collaborative, efficient, sharp, and highly skilled, while also being very communicative and responsive. Their combination of expertise and teamwork made the collaboration both smooth and effective.’
‘I worked closely with Ragnhild Nakling, who proved to be a true problem-solver. Ragnhild inspired confidence, was sharp, quick, and highly effective. At the negotiation table, she was phenomenal. I always felt secure working with her, and she consistently provided constructive advice.’
Principaux clients
4 Service
Addtech Group
Avida Finans Norge AS
Canon
CEPI
Colosseum Dental Group
Nexans
reMarkable
Saint-Gobain Group
Wella
Principaux dossiers
- Assisted Avida Finans Group on the transfer of undertaking from a part of Santander’s business in Norway to Avida Finans.
- Represented 4 Service Offshore AS, part of Norway’s largest facility service providers after the merger with Compass Group in February 2025, in a litigation both before the City Court in February 2024 and the Court of Appeals in October 2024 regarding unlawful termination.
Wiersholm
Wiersholm‘s recent caseload encompasses disputes related to whistleblowing cases, handling insider risk cases, and developing personnel security policies. The team also benefits from the firm’s expertise in M&A, which allows them to be actively engaged in transaction-related matters. Christel Søreide oversees the team, working closely with clients on personnel and whistleblower cases, reorganisations, and discrimination issues. Eli Aasheim is known for her expertise in transaction-related employment issues. Julie Piil Lorentzen assists in the undertaking and downscaling of businesses. Oda Indset and Helena Karoline Lie Norum are also active practitioners in the team. Jan Fougner left the team in March 2026.
Responsables de la pratique:
Christel Søreide
Autres avocats clés:
Eli Aasheim; Julie Piil Lorentzen; Oda Indset; Helena Karoline Lie Norum
Les références
‘The team is known for its practical, hands-on approach, and strong commercial understanding. The team assists clients on both complex strategic issues and day-to-day employment law matters, ensuring advice that is not only legally sound but also operationally effective.’
‘The individuals in Wiersholm’s employment team distinguish themselves through their ability to provide precise, business-oriented advice tailored to our company’s operations and strategic direction.’
‘They combine deep legal knowledge with a genuine understanding of our industry and organisation, enabling them to deliver solutions that are both compliant and commercially sound.’
Principaux clients
Norges Bank Investment Management
Orkla ASA
Vipps Mobilepay AS
Statkraft AS
Equinor ASA
ABB AS
Nasdaq Oslo ASA
Helly Hansen
Aller Media AS
NRK
TotalEnergies
Aneo AS
Bane Nor SF
Salmar ASA
Stendi AS
Anora AS
BDO AS
Norges Bank
NTE
Finans Norge
Principaux dossiers
- Successfully represented ConocoPhillips in an appellate case concerning the ownership of a purported employee invention.
- Successfully represented Hitachi in a discrimination case before the Anti-discrimination Tribunal, concerning the employer’s right to apply differential treatment of employees with Russian citizenship in light of customer security standards.
- Represents TotalEnergies in a court dispute related to restructuring of a top hat pension scheme.
Wikborg Rein
Wikborg Rein offers a wide-ranging employment department to a broad roster of clients from the oil, gas, renewable energy, and retail sectors. Department head Christian Backe engages closely with Norwegian and international clients on litigation, with expertise in reorganisations. Fredrik Gisholt leads the practice in the Bergen office and chiefly focuses on downsizing and individual termination cases. With a background as counsel and as a deputy judge, Ine Osland Søvik acts for clients on dismissals, conflict resolution, and trade secrets. Karoline Moen Brunstad left the department in September 2025.
Responsables de la pratique:
Christian Backe
Autres avocats clés:
Fredrik Gisholt; Ine Osland Søvik
Les références
‘We use them for all our employment practice. We have also driven some bigger and longer processes and could not get better help. Most important is that someone can always help us or put us in touch with the right person.’
‘There is a good leverage of advice, so the rest of the system and the court can trust our processes. We always have good cases and very good arguments, which have led to only positive cases so far.’
‘The team consists of individuals who complement each other and communicate in a clear and easily understandable manner, even when addressing complex legal matters.’
Principaux clients
Humana
Stiftelsen Christian Radich
Solstad Offshore ASA
Human Care Bo AS
Human Care Ung AS
Multivac AS
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Vygruppen
Avanova
Norsk Gjenvinning
Aschehoug
Transocean
Rambøll
Henning Larsen
Telenor
Principaux dossiers
- Successfully represented Transocean on complex litigation concerning dismissals and preferential rights.
- Successfully represented Vy Buss AS on a high-profile employment dispute.
Deloitte Advokatfirma AS
Drawing on the firm’s wider international presence, Deloitte Advokatfirma AS‘ Norwegian practice provides employment law advisory services to clients. The practice group is co-led by experienced partners Gro Forsdal Helvik, who specialises in transactions and restructuring, and Bjørn Ofstad, a key name for whistleblowing services. Maria Sperre works closely with governmental, municipal, and private enterprises on employment issues, and Arvid Lim is capable in employment issues in the construction industry.
Responsables de la pratique:
Gro Forsdal Helvik; Bjørn Ofstad
Autres avocats clés:
Maria Sperre; Arvid Lim; Lirim Lokaj; Gro Forsdal Helvik
Les références
‘Lirim Lokaj and Gro Forsdal Helvik have, in my opinion, been the make-or-break for this project. Our dialogue has been frequent and encompassed not only the work required but discussions about what personal qualifications will make each local team successful.’
‘Deloitte has been highly professional, supporting us through a complex global reorganisation with strong expertise and pragmatic advice. Their team stands out for its international perspective, collaborative approach, and ability to balance strategic insight with practical execution.’
‘Gro Forsdal Helvik, our main contact, truly stands out. She combines empathy with professionalism and has an exceptional ability to balance difficult situations and conversations. Her approach makes collaboration both effective and enjoyable, and I have greatly valued working with her.’
Principaux clients
Technip FMC
Megaflis AS
Hitachi Vantara AS
Møller Mobility Group
Eiffage AS
Varme & Bad AS
Glamox AS
DNV
Veidekke
Norconsult
Principaux dossiers
- Advised and assisted BMI Group on the wind-down of their Norwegian business.
- Assisted Eiffage with a comprehensive HR project delivering and operationalising internal routines for employee handling, including onboarding and offboarding, termination, DEI procedures, sick-leave follow-up routines, and HSE procedures.
- Assisted Møller Mobility Group with their external whistleblowing channel, including initial assessment of received reports, investigation, and assessment of consequences for the organisation.
DLA Piper
DLA Piper is well-placed to advise on collective and contentious employment matters, covering restrictive covenants, reorganisations, and discrimination claims. Per Benonisen, spearheads the team, recognised for his work in strategic reorganisations, redundancies, and TUPE matters. Among a varied stream of work, Rajvinder Singh Bains takes the lead on investigations and HSE issues. The team is well supported by Kaja Kaarby and Anniken Sjøvold, both acting across a broad practice, including redundancies, TUPE, and reorganisations.
Responsables de la pratique:
Per Benonisen
Autres avocats clés:
Rajvinder Singh Bains; Kaja Kaarby; Anniken Sjøvold
Les références
‘Always linking labour law to business rationale.’
‘Advising on how to relate to leaders who lack experience in complying with the labour law.’
‘The relationship with the team, great discussions, professional advice, and outstanding business understanding.’
Principaux clients
Møller Mobility Group
Geelmuyden Kiese
Compass Group
Dentsu Norge
Sony Music Entertainment Norway
Heidelberg Materials
Betonmast
NoA Ignite
Intrum AB
HCL Technologies Norway
Henkel Norden
Softwareone AG
Next Pharma
Asker Contract Manufacturing AS
Citibank
Grieg Investor AS
Takeda AS
Warner Bros Discovery
Tietoevry
Waterlogic
Culligan
Oliviers & co
Elmatica AS
IKEA
Danelec Norway AS
Nimbus Fiber
Ineos Enterprises
Ineos Tyssedal AS
ICICI Bank
Principaux dossiers
- Representing Elmatica AS on a landmark trade secrets dispute (E-14/24) involving the EFTA Court and the Norwegian Supreme Court on access to evidence under the EU Trade Secrets Directive.
- Representing Discovery Networks Norway (part of Warner Bros Discovery) on a high-profile employment litigation brought by the Norwegian Union of Journalists regarding alleged illegal hiring practices.
Homble Solheim advokatfirma AS
Having been established in 2023, employment boutique Homble Solheim advokatfirma AS covers the entire scope of both contentious and non-contentious employment matters. Managing partner and practice head Runar Homble has twenty-five years of employment experience and has developed a broad employment practice over this time. Trond Erik Solheim is experienced in pension cases and acts as an arbitrator in pension disputes. Synne Homble demonstrates aptitude in day-to-day employment issues, and Merete Furesund joined the team in August 2025.
Responsables de la pratique:
Runar Homble
Autres avocats clés:
Trond Erik Solheim; Synne Homble; Merete Furesund; Frida Køber Garvoll
Les références
‘Merete Furesund is outstanding in her way of understanding the clients need for advice and she follow up in a sufficient manner and is available for discussion.’
‘Trond Erik Solheim: experienced lawyer with very strong legal skills. Masters a wide range of legal fields. Especially skilled in employment and pension law. At the same time, a constructive approach and contributes to settling matters amicably.’
‘We have had the pleasure of working with Runar Homble as our legal counsel for many years. He is quick to respond when we need assistance, has a deep understanding of our industry, and consistently provides advice we trust completely.’
Principaux clients
Askim og Spydeberg Sparebank
Elkjøp Group
Politiets Fellesforbund
Rail Production AS
Technology Centre Mongstad DA
Vygruppen AS
NEP Group
NEP Norway AS
SJ Norge AS
The Norwegian Sea Rescue Society
Baatsfjord municipality
Olav Thon Group
Norwegian Agency for Public and Financial Management
GK Gruppen
GK Norge
Principaux dossiers
- Represented SJ Norge on a complex court dispute. SJ dismissed an employee because he refused to attend a health check. SJ won the case in the district court in December 2024. The employee appealed the case to the court of appeal. The court of appeal dismissed the appeal, but this decision has been appealed to the Supreme Court.
- Provides ongoing employment and pension advice to Elkjøp Nordic AS and subsidiaries.
Littler advokatfirma AS
Littler advokatfirma AS is noted by its clients for ‘unique international competence’. Practice head Ole Kristian Olsby is active on international employment matters. Tore Lerheim is an experienced litigator, having represented employers, employees, and trade unions from both the public and private sectors. Nina Thjømøe is a key name for restructuring, Trond Erik Kvalsnes, chiefly focuses on investigations, and Einar Engh adds additional litigation capabilities to the team. Joakim Augeli Karlsen and Merete Furesund departed.
Responsables de la pratique:
Ole Kristian Olsby
Autres avocats clés:
Tore Lerheim; Nina Thjømøe; Trond Erik Kvalsnes; Einar Engh
Les références
‘Littler Norway have extensive professional expertise and are able to balance strategic topics with operational execution.’
‘Tore Lerheim has a very pleasant personality. He gives good recommendations based on both human and business perspectives.’
‘I have mainly worked with partner Nina Thjømøe in Littler. Nina knows our company well and has a clear advantage of having been an in-house lawyer as well in her career.’
Principaux clients
Agilera Pharma AS
Arctic Securities AS
Arctic Capital AS
Avella AS
COWI AS
CTS Nordics AS
Dedicare Doctor AS
Dedicare Management AS
Elkjøp Norge AS
Emera Eiendomsmegling AS
Finance People AS
Institutt for energiteknikk
Keystone Education Group AS
Kingspan Water & Energy AS
Lovisenberg Omsorg AS
Millum AS
Norsk flygelederforening
Sony Europe B.V
Sony Europe Limited
Spoon Agency AS
Statens jernbanetilsyn
Stiftelsen Fossumkollektivet
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Institutt for Energiteknikk (Institute for Energy Technology – IFE) on the transfer of undertakings involving its nuclear sector to a newly established governmental unit, NND. This complex process required careful plannings over some years and involved negotiations with NDD and their legal counsel.
- Appointed by the board of Fossumkollektivet, Littler performed a comprehensive investigation and review of the internal control system at Fossumkollektivet.
- Advised PostNord on a large-scale restructuring and downsizing process involving significant parts of the organisation, affecting approximately 500 employees
SANDS
With offices in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Tromsø, Tønsberg, and Ålesund, SANDS is active across the full spectrum of employment issues, from day-to-day HR matters to board-level matters. Espen Johannessen, who oversees the group, regularly counsels employers and public bodies on a varied stream of work, including whistleblowing and collective bargaining. Henning Heitmann is a key practitioner in change processes, whereas Maria Elena Kvalen is an expert in labour law, assisting with downsizing, restructuring, and compliance work.
Responsables de la pratique:
Espen Johannessen
Autres avocats clés:
Henning Heitmann; Maria Elena Kvalen
Les références
‘SANDS provided outstanding support by being available.’
‘In numerous matters, they have repeatedly demonstrated exceptional business acumen, substantial legal expertise, and highly developed negotiation skills. The strategic advice and guidance they provide, when implemented, consistently secure the most favorable outcomes for our organisation. Their ability to integrate a deep understanding of commercial objectives with rigorous legal analysis ensures that every recommendation is both practical and legally sound, making them an invaluable partner in complex transactions and negotiations.’
‘Henning Heitmann is an exceptionally skilled and business-oriented advisor with the highest level of integrity. He consistently demonstrates strong strategic acumen, quickly grasping complex issues and organisational structures, and providing clear, actionable advice that directly supports our business goals.’
Principaux clients
I.K. Lykke Drift AS
Eramet SA
Bolsønes Verft AS
Skytanking Holding GmbH
Fjord1 AS
Solstad Offshore
Asplan Viak
OTB AS
AS3
I.K. Lykke Drift AS
Eramet SA
Bolsønes Verft AS
Skytanking Holding GmbH
Fjord1 AS
Solstad Offshore
Asplan Viak
OTB AS
AS3
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Asplan Viak on a major restructuring and redundancy process in Norway.
- Advised Skytanking Holding GmbH on ongoing employment law issues relating to its Norwegian operations.
- Advised Solstad Offshore on multiple large-scale restructuring and the redundancy processes.
Brækhus Advokatfirma AS
Brækhus Advokatfirma AS advises corporations, employer organisations, and trade unions on a variety of matters, including workplace disputes, compliance, and collective labour law. Group head Kristine Slotnæs advises on personnel management, terminations, and mediation. Torbjørn Stokke is an expert in global mobility and cross-border employment law, while Ida Brabrand chiefly acts on workplace regulation and employee rights matters.
Responsables de la pratique:
Kristine Slotnæs
Autres avocats clés:
Christian Engelstad; Inger Johanne Heggdal
Les références
‘Good professionals, a wide range of disciplines that allow a broad assessment of the matters raised.’
‘We have a direct contact with lawyer Kristine Slotnæs, our reference for employment matters. She is a very good professional, always providing the best solution for the matters raised, but also considering all the possible alternative options. Gets support from other colleagues to prepare overall assessments.’
‘Brækhus always offer a balanced view of opinion and legal stances to help non-legal customers understand and formulate a strategy. Customers feel comforted that they are in safe hands as they are guided through often complex issues. They also have extensive and privileged knowledge, where they can refer to previous similar cases or are familiar with those in the public domain.’
Principaux clients
Schibsted ASA
Verdens Gang AS
FINN.no AS
Seen AS
Acciona Construccion S.A
Sayfr AS
VIEW Ledger AS
VIEW Group
Principaux dossiers
- Assisted Onsagers in connection with setting up a group structure, working with the company to set up company guidelines including employment regulations.
- Advising Acciona Construcción S.A. on aspects of labour law in relation to their Norwegian projects, which include both individual and collective labour law.
- Advising SAYFR on ongoing legal counsel in labor law, including assistance on the company in a downsizing process and several individual cases.
Advokatfirmaet Bull AS
Advokatfirmaet Bull AS has experienced an increase in work from clients regarding the adaptation to the Transparency Act, hybrid work contracts, and cross-border work. Practice head Kjersti Borgen has a varied practice, featuring reorganisations, dismissals, and discrimination cases. Anette Mellbye oversees reorganisations, redundancies, and whistleblowing assessments. Karoline Moen Brunstad, who joined the team from Wikborg Rein in September 2025, brings expertise in employment disputes.
Responsables de la pratique:
Kjersti Borgen
Autres avocats clés:
Camilla Raastad; Helle Stølan Olufsen; Ane Rødstøl; Anette Mellbye
Les références
‘Strengths in finding solutions that progress the various processes in a professional and efficient way.’
‘Most important; availability and service! Ready to give us good advices whenever needed and on time. High competence in the team. Solution-oriented and, of course, the team understands our industry and our customers’ needs .’
‘Our lawyer, Anette Mellbye, delivers top-class customer service and always finds a good solution to every challenge we face. So far, we’ve been 100% satisfied with the outcome of every case she has assisted us with.’
Principaux clients
Everzink Norway AS
Makeup Mekka AS
Kappa Bioscience AS
Kérkyra AS
Nerostein OÜ
Northern.tech AS
The Norwegian Police Union
Posten Bring AS
Refinitiv Norge AS
Sleipner Motor AS
Story House Egmont AS
Superior A/S
Cognite AS
Aprila Bank ASA
Normal Norge AS
Azets Consulting AS
Principaux dossiers
- Represented The Norwegian Police Union and several of their member before Oslo District Court. The State was ordered to pay over NOK 900,000 in claims and legal costs.
- Advised and assisted Normal Norge AS in handling inspections from the Labour Inspection Authority. Inspections were closed without any further sanctions from the authorities.
Advokatfirmaet Helmr AS
Boutique employment outfit Advokatfirmaet Helmr AS advises employers on wide array of matters, with activity on transfers of undertaking, reorganisations, and whistleblowing. Practice head Thor-Arne Wullum is engaged by international and national companies across his varied employment practice. Håkon Andreassen is a seasoned advisor on collective and individual labour law, while Thomas Braut Svendsen regularly advises clients in the public sector on whistleblowing and reorganisations.
Responsables de la pratique:
Thor-Arne Wullum
Autres avocats clés:
Håkon Andreassen; Thomas Braut Svendsen
Les références
‘It’s a mix of strong competence and skillset from the lawyer we have had as our partner and the business orientation of the team that has made us choose to repeatedly work with Helmr AS on different cases related to our Norwegian business.’
‘We have worked with Hakon Andreasson in all of the cases, and he is very knowledgeable in the area and also very keen on doing what is best for our business. Which is a combination we like.’
‘We find the team very responsive, knowledgeable, and really puts the client’s needs first. ’
Principaux clients
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries
Agilia AS
Peab AS
L’Oréal Norge AS
Norsk Hydro ASA
The Estée Lauder Companies
Norske Shell AS
Bertel O. Steen
Con-Form Group AS
Hop On AS
The School of Architecture and Design in Oslo
The Higher Prosecuting Authorities – The Director of Public Prosecutions and the Regional Public Prosecution Offices
Østfold University College
Adapteo AS
Egil Hesland AS
Insenti AS
Sandvik Norge AS
Principaux dossiers
- Assisted the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries in 2024/2025 in connection with a whistleblowing case involving the former Director of the Norwegian Competition Authority.
- Assisting the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions in the most significant reorganisation of the Regional Public Prosecutor Offices since the 1800s.
- Assisted Peab AS on restructuring its organisation and implementing a significant downsizing process.
Kvale Advokatfirma DA
Regarded for ‘deep expertise, responsiveness, and a truly collaborative mindset’, Kvale Advokatfirma DA’s employment team is regularly active on contentious employment matters within the Norwegian courts. Jan-Erik Sverre heads the team and is experienced in employment law, discrimination law, and civil procedure. Mari Verling is a key contact for both collective and individual labour law, having acted for public and private sector clients.
Responsables de la pratique:
Jan-Erik Sverre
Autres avocats clés:
Mari Verling
Les références
‘Mari Verling is our main point of contact, and we highly recommend her. She combines deep legal knowledge with clear, efficient communication, and consistently provides thorough and timely feedback. Mari is always friendly, positive, and approachable, and has quickly established herself as our go-to legal advisor in Norway.’
‘What stands out to me about the team is their deep expertise, responsiveness, and truly collaborative mindset. They take the time to understand our needs and deliver practical, business-focused advice.’
‘I’ve had the pleasure of working closely with Jan-Erik Sverre, and he stands out as a highly trusted and strategic advisor. What sets him apart is his rare combination of deep legal expertise, commercial insight, and a calm, solution-oriented approach—even in complex or high-pressure situations.’
Principaux clients
Norwegian Directorate of Health
Norwegian Railway Directorate
Eidsiva Group
Advokatfirmaet PricewaterhouseCoopers AS
With nine offices across Norway, Advokatfirmaet PricewaterhouseCoopers AS’ employment practice is adept at public sector matters, as well as cross-border employment mandates. Practice head Ingrid Fladberg Brucker covers the full labour law arena, including reorganisation and downsizing processes, as well as having experience in dispute resolution. Versatile practitioner Ida Kindseth is another key name in the team, which also includes Eli Beck Nilsen, who is experienced in restructuring and integration processes.
Responsables de la pratique:
Ingrid Fladberg Brucker
Autres avocats clés:
Ida Kindseth; Eli Beck Nilsen
Les références
‘The teams has a very high standard on their delivery to us as a customer. The team has competence in all the areas needed by us. They use their these competences to give us advices within the space of opportunities, and at the same time give clear advices which is based on case law. Some lawyers are to afraid to give clear advices, but that is not the case with thgis team. ’
‘Ingrid Fladberg Brucker has from the first moment appeared dedicated, with a high level of professionalism and competence. She has been very willing to get to know the special characteristics of our company, and give advices where this is taken into account. The lawyer appears to be someone who can be trusted in all collaborations with her.’
‘What makes PwC’s team unique is the combination of high professional competence, accessibility, and a solution-oriented approach.’
Principaux clients
The Sami Parliament
Lyngdal
Vennesla
Iveland
Evje Hornnes Municipalities
Life AS
Kilden Theatre
Concert Hall
Lavangen Municipality
FSN Capital
The Norwegian Ministry of Justice
The Norwegian Health Directorate
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Principaux dossiers
- Acted as Life AS’s strategic legal advisor in employment law, providing comprehensive support on complex employee matters, disputes, and a major reorganisation involving redundancies.
- Assisted the Sámi Parliament with a comprehensive organisational development process, including designing and implementing a new organisational model, ensuring legal quality assurance throughout restructuring and employee placement.
- Provided employment law support to a global enterprise, advising on employment law in more than 10 countries—including a major reorganisation across Europe and Asia.
Ræder Bing
Ræder Bing’s employment department advises clients from the private and public sectors and handles an array of matters, covering reorganisations, redundancies, and whistleblowing. Practice head Kari Bergeius Andersen has been an active advisor for cross-border issues, while Alf Kåre Knudsen acts for employers and unions on collective labour law. Mari Kimsås-Otterbech is a key name for collective employment matters in the team.
Responsables de la pratique:
Kari Bergeius Andersen
Autres avocats clés:
Alf Kåre Knudsen; Mari Kimsås-Otterbech
Les références
‘Ræder Bings’ employment team is rock solid. They give clear, practical advice and are available.’
‘Alf Kåre Knudsen has enormous experience and is someone you can really trust in any situation, even the most difficult ones. He has a calm and confident style and knows labour law inside and out.’
‘The practice distinguishes itself through its expertise and commitment to client care. Potential clients will naturally want to understand the team’s areas of specialisation and what sets them apart from other firms. Ultimately, the key question is why prospective clients should choose this practice in particular.’